Sources: Every Citation Used Across This Site

Clinical trials — Phase 1

^[4] Urva S, Coskun T, Loh MT, Du Y, Thomas MK, Gurbuz S, Haupt A, Benson CT, Hernandez-Illas M, D'Alessio DA, Milicevic Z. LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trial. Lancet. 2022;400:1869-1881. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02033-502033-5). PMID:36354040

Clinical trials — Phase 2

^[1] Jastreboff AM, et al. Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):514-526. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2301972. PMID:37366315

^[2] Rosenstock J, et al. Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10401):529-544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01053-X01053-X). PMID:37385280

^[5] Sanyal AJ, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, Brouwers B, Wu Q, Thomas MK, Harris C, Schloot NC, Du Y, Mather KJ, Haupt A, Hartman ML. Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial. Nature Medicine. 2024;30:2037-2048. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03018-2. PMID:38858523

Structural biology

^[3] Li W, Zhou Q, Cong Z, Yuan Q, Li W, Zhao F, Xu HE, Zhao LH, Yang D, Wang MW. Structural insights into the triple agonism at GLP-1R, GIPR and GCGR manifested by retatrutide. Cell Discovery. 2024;10:77. doi:10.1038/s41421-024-00700-0. PMID:39019866

Reviews and commentary

^[6] Katsi V, Koutsopoulos G, Fragoulis C, Dimitriadis K, Tsioufis K. Retatrutide — A Game Changer in Obesity Pharmacotherapy. Biomolecules. 2025;15:796. doi:10.3390/biom15060796. PMID:40563436

^[7] et al. The First Triple Agonist for Antiobesity: Retatrutide. Clin Diabetes. 2024. doi:10.2337/cd24-0062. PMID:39724554. PMC: PMC11486854

^[8] et al. Seven glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and polyagonists for weight loss. [review] 2024. PMID:39305981

^[9] Deravi M, et al. The "Weight" for a New Agent Is Almost Over: A Commentary on the Novel Triagonist Retatrutide for Obesity. J Pharm Technol. 2024;40(6):300-305. doi:10.1177/87551225241285326. PMID:39507873. PMC: PMC11536522

^[10] Kusminski CM, et al. Transforming obesity: The advancement of multi-receptor drugs. Cell. 2024;187(15):3829-3853. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.003. PMID:39059360. PMC: PMC11286204

^[11] Naeem M, et al. Unleashing the power of retatrutide: A possible triumph over obesity and overweight: A correspondence. Health Sci Rep. 2024;7(2):e1864. doi:10.1002/hsr2.1864. PMID:38323122. PMC: PMC10844714

2024-2026 studies

^[12] et al. Mechanisms of GLP-1 in Modulating Craving and Addiction: Neurobiological Insights. Med Sci (Basel). 2025;13(3):136. doi:10.3390/medsci13030136. PMC: PMC12372146. URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12372146/

^[13] Pearson MJ, et al. Retatrutide And Lipid And Metabolite Profiles In Participants With Obesity With Or Without Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2026. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgag201. PMID:42135195

^[14] Wen Y, et al. Decreases in circulating ANGPTL3/8 concentrations following retatrutide treatment parallel reductions in serum lipids. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. doi:10.1111/dom.16661. PMID:40726454

^[15] Lu X, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and dual/triple receptor agonists in the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: advances in mechanistic research. Front Med. 2026. doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1763185. PMID:41767516